Jack the Ripper
Introduction to the Case
Larry S. Barbee
This is a brief review of the Jack the Ripper murders that
occurred in London more than a hundred years ago.
Esta es una breve revisión de los asesinatos de Jack el Destripador que ocurrieron en Londres hace más de 100 años.
Much of the original evidence gathered at the time has been lost, and many "facts" are actually opinions by the various writers who have written about the case during the past century.
Muchas de las evidencias originales reunidas en ese tiempo se perdieron, y muchos "hechos" son simplemente opiniones de algunos escritos que han descripto los casos en el siglo pasado.
Many aspects of the case are therefore contested, and so what follows is a summation of the case in general.
Diversos aspectos de este caso son, por lo tanto, discutibles, y lo que sigue es un sumario general del caso.
There are many books available to the student of crime who wishes to grapple with the many mysteries associated with the case.
Hay muchos libros disponibles para los estudiantes del crimen que desean enfrentarse con los muchos misterios asociados a este caso.
"Jack the Ripper" is the popular name given to a serial killer who killed a number of prostitutes in the East End of London in 1888. The name originates from a letter written by someone who claimed to be the killer published at the time of the murders.
"Jack el Destripador" es el nombre popularizado por el asesino en serie que mató a varios prostitutas en el East End of London en 1888. Su nombre se originó en una carta escrita por alguien quien alegó ser el asesino del cual hablaban los periodicos de la época.
The killings took place within a mile area and involved the districts of Whitechapel, Spitalfields, Aldgate, and the City of London proper. He was also called the Whitechapel Murderer and "Leather Apron."
Los lugares de los asesinatos estan dentro de una area de una milla comprendida entre los distritos de Whitchapel, Spitalfields, Aldgate, en el propio centro de Londres. Tambien se lo llamó el "asesino de Withchapel" y "el delantal de cuero".
Significance and Importance
Jack the Ripper has remained popular for a lot of reasons. He was not the first serial killer, but he was probably the first to appear in a large metropolis at a time when the general populace had become literate and the press was a force for social change.
Significado e importancia:
Jack el Destripador sigue siendo popular por muchas razones. No fué el primer asesino en serie, pero lo fue, probablemente, el primero aparecido en una gran ciudad; en la época en que las masas se alfabetizaban y la prensa se convirtió en una fuerza de cambio social.
The Ripper also appeared when there were tremendous political turmoil and both the liberals and social reformers, as well as the Irish Home rule partisans tried to use the crimes for their own ends.
El Destripador tambió surgió en una época de gran confusión política donde los liberales y los reformadores sociales se confundian con los activistas irlandeses. Todos trataron de utilizar estos crímenes para sus propios fines.
Every day the activities of the Ripper were chronicled in the newspapers as were the results of the inquiries and the actions taken by the police.
Cada dia las actividades del Destripador eran publicadas en los periódicos al igual que los resultados de las investigaciones y acciones policiales.
Even the feelings of the people living in the East End, and the editorials that attacked the various establishments of Society appeared each day for both the people of London and the whole world to read.
Cada dia, tambien, aparecían informaciones sobre los sentimientos de los habitantes del East End, y los editoriales donde se atacaba a las diferentes grupos con poder social.
It was the press coverage that made this series of murders a "new thing," something that the world had never known before.
Fue la cobertura de la prensa la que convirtió la serie de asesinatos en una novedad; algo no conocido, hasta ese momento, en el mundo.
The press was also partly responsible for creating many myths surrounding the Ripper and ended up turning a sad killer of women into a "bogey man," who has now become one of the most romantic figures in history.
La prensa fue tambien en parte responsable de la creación de varios mitos alrededor del Destripador y terminó por convertir un triste asesino de mujeres en un diablo; una de las más grandes figuras románticas de la historia.
The rest of the responsibility lies with the Ripper. He may have been a sexual serial killer of a type all too common in the 1990s, but he was also bent on terrifying a city and making the whole world take notice of him by leaving his horribly mutilated victims in plain sight.
El resto de la responsabilidad recae en el propio Destripador. El podría haber sido un asesino sexual en serie del tipo muy común en los actuales años 90, pero concentró el terror de una ciudad haciendo que todo el mundo hablara de él y de la manera en que señalaba a sus víctimas con horribles mutilaciones.
Lastly, the Ripper was never caught and it is the mysteries surrounding this killer that both add to the romance of the story and creating an intellectual puzzle that people still want to solve.
Finalmente al Destripador nunca se lo capturó y el misterio rodeó a este asesino que añadió a la parte romántica de la historia un rompecabezas intelectual que la gente quiere todavía resolver.
The Victims
It is unclear just how many women the Ripper killed. It is generally accepted that he killed five, though some have written that he murdered only four while others say seven or more.
Las Victimas:
Incluso ahora no está claro cuantas mujeres mató el Destripador. Se acepta generalmente que el mató a cinco, aunque algunos escribieron que el mató sólo a cuatro y otros afirmaron que a 7 o más.
The public, press, and even many junior police officers believed that the Ripper was responsible for nine slayings. The five that are generally accepted as the work of the Ripper are:
El público, la prensa e incluso algunos oficiales jóvenes de la policía creyeron que el Destripador fue responsable de 9 asesinatos. Los cinco incuestionables son:
1. Mary Ann (Polly) Nichols, murdered Friday, August 31, 1888.
2. Annie Chapman, murdered Saturday, September 8, 1888.
3. Elizabeth Stride, murdered Sunday, September 30, 1888.
4. Catharine Eddowes, also murdered that same date.
5. Mary Jane (Marie Jeanette) Kelly, murdered Friday, November 9, 1888.
1. Mary Ann Nicols (Polly), asesinada el viernes 31 de agosto de 1888.
2. Annie Chapman, asesinada el sabado 8 de septiembre de 1888.
3. Elizabeth Stride, asesinada el domingo 30 de septiembre de 1888.
4. Catharine Eddowes, tambien asesinada en la misma fecha.
5. Mary Jane Kelly (Marie Jeanette), asesinada el viernes 9 de noviembre de 1888.
Besides these five there are good reasons to believe that the first victim was really Martha Tabram who was murdered Tuesday, August 7, 1888, and there are important considerations for questioning whether Stride was a Ripper victim. As to the actual number of women that the Ripper killed, Philip Sugden wrote in his excellent book, The Complete History of Jack the Ripper, "There is no simple answer. In a sentence: at least four, probably six, just possibly eight."
Además de estas cinco hay buenas razones para pensar que la primera víctima fue realmente Martha Tabram que fue asesinada el martes 7 de agosto de 1888. Y hay importantes consideraciones para cuestionarse si Stride fue una víctima del Destripador. Sobre el número real de mujeres asesinadas por el Destripadro Philip Sugden escribió, en su excelente libro "La historia completa de Jack el Destripador": "No hay una respuesta fácil; pudieron ser cuatro, probablemente seis, e incluso cabe la posibilidad de ocho".
All five of these listed plus Tabram were prostitutes and were killed between early August and early November 1888. All but Tabram and Kelly were killed outdoors and there is no evidence to suggest that any of them knew each other. They varied in both age and appearance. Most were drunk or thought to be drunk at the time they were killed.
Las cinco de la lista anterior, además de la Tabram, fueron prostitutas y estuvieron asesinadas entre principios de agosto y principios de noviembre de 1888. Todas, excepto Tabram y Kelly, fueron asesinadas en la calle y no hubo ninguna evidencia que sugierese que ellas se conocieran entre si. Ellas variaban tanto en la edad como en el físico. La mayoría estaban bebidas, o se lo piensa, en el momento en que fueron asesinadas.
Method of Operation
Surprisingly, a full understanding of the Ripper's modus operandi was not established until several years ago. The Whitechapel murderer and his victim stood facing each other. When she lifted her skirts, the victim's hands were occupied and was then defenseless.
Modo de Operar:
Sorprendentemente el modus operandi del Destripador no se estableció hasta hace pocos años. El asesino de Whitechapel y su victima estaban de frente uno del otro. Cuando se levantaba la falda la víctima tenía las manos ocupadas y se quedaba indefensa.
The Ripper seized the women by their throats and strangled them until they were unconscious if not dead. The autopsies constantly revealed clear indications that the victims had been strangled.
El Destripador cogía a la mujer por su garganta y entonces apretaba hasta dejarla inconsciente o casi muerta. Las autopsias mostraban con claridad que las víctimas habían sido estranguladas.
In the past some writers believed that the Ripper struck from behind when the victims were bent forward, their skirts hiked up their backsides while waiting to engage in anal sex. This is a very awkward arrangement and the risk that they may scream or elude his clutch's make this unacceptable.
En el pasado algunos escritores creían que el Destripador atacaba por detrás a sus víctimas quienes estaban inclinadas hacia delante, con la falda subida mientras esperaban tener un coito anal. Esta era una muy incómoda postura e implicaba un riesgo de que ellas gritaran o eludieran el ataque.
The Ripper then lowered his victims to the ground, their heads to his left. This has been proven by the position of the bodies in relation to walls and fences that show that there was virtually no room for the murderer to attack the body from the left side.
El Destripador acostaba a sus víctimas en el suelo, sus cabezas dirigidas a la izquierda. Esto ha sido comprobado por la posición de los cuerpos en relación con los muros y vallas que mostraban que no había posibilidad de que el asesino hubiera atacado desde el lado izquierdo.
No bruising on the back of the heads shows that he lowered the bodies to the ground rather than throwing or letting them fall. Given the inclement weather and filth in the streets it is unacceptable that the prostitutes or their client would have attempted intercourse on the ground.
Ninguna marca detrás de la cabeza mostraba que el prefiriese dejar caer los cuerpos en el suelo, en vez de acostarlos. Dado el tiempo inclemente y la mugre de las calles no es posible que las prostitutas y sus clientes prefiriesen tener un coito sobre el suelo.
He cut the throats when the women were on the ground. Splatter stains show that the blood pooled beside or under the neck and head of the victim rather than the front which is where the blood would flow if they had been standing up.
El cortaba las gargantas cuando las mujeres estaban sobre el suelo. Las manchas, salpicaduras y el charco de sangre al lado o debajo de la nuca mostraban que la victima había estado en el suelo y no de pie.
In one case blood was found on the fence some 14 inches or so from the ground and opposite the neck wound and this shows that the blood spurted from the body while in the prone position on the ground.
En uno de los casos se encontró la sangre en la valla a 14 pulgadas mas o menos desde el suelo en frente de la nuca ...
This method also prevented the killer from being unduly blood stained. By reaching over from the victim's right side to cut the left side of her throat, the blood flow would have been directed away from him, which would have reduced the amount of blood in which he would have been exposed. If the victim was already dead before their throats were cut, then the blood spilt would have not been very much. With the heart no longer beating the blood would not have been "pressurized," so only the blood in the immediate area of the wound would have evacuated gently from the cuts.
The Ripper then made his other mutilations, still from the victim's right side, or possibly while straddling over the body at or near the feet. In several cases the legs had been pushed up which would have shortened the distance between the abdomen and the feet.
No sign of intercourse was ever detected nor did the Ripper masturbate over the bodies. Usually he took a piece of the victim's viscera. The taking of a "trophy" is a common practice by modern sexual serial killers.
In the opinion of most of the surgeons who examined the bodies, most believed that the killer had to have some degree of anatomical knowledge to do what he did. In one case he removed a kidney from the front rather than from the side, and did not damage any of the surrounding organs while doing so. In another case he removed the sexual organs with one clean stroke of the knife.
Given the time circumstances of the crimes (outside, often in near total darkness, keeping one eye out for the approach of others, and under extremely tight time constraints), the Ripper almost certainly would have had some experience in using his knife.
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